| Author | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| David S. Bostick, MD, MPH | University of Maryland Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland |
| Michael T. McCurdy, MD | University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baltimore, Maryland |
ABSTRACT
This case highlights the rare complication of ischemic hand necrosis following peripheral administration of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 60-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other co-morbidities presented to the emergency department with dyspnea. Her symptoms were severe enough to require mechanical ventilation. During her stay, she suffered a cardiac arrest during which a total of three separate doses of epinephrine were administered through a peripheral intravenous (IV) catheter on the dorsum of her right hand. Following return of spontaneous circulation she was continued on a norepinephrine infusion through the same peripheral IV catheter for 24 hours for post-arrest hypotension in the setting of septic shock. Two days after her arrest, she was noted to have skin changes consistent with ischemic necrosis of her right hand, which can be seen in the image.
DISCUSSION
Diagnosis of extravasation injuries can be quite challenging; clinical signs may include pain, swelling, erythema, pain, blistering, or blanching of the skin overlying the site of infusion. Prompt recognition of these signs and appropriate intervention should occur within 4 – 6 hours from the time of injury, although reports have shown benefit of intervening up to 12 hours after injury.1 Vigilant monitoring is essential as compartment syndrome can develop after prolonged vasospasm or with large-volume extravasation.1 Early management includes simple immobilization, frequent neuromuscular checks, elevation, local application of warming blankets, and injectable or topical vasodilators.1,2 If unsuccessful, as in this case, open surgical debridement can be used.2
Our patient did have local debridement. Despite this, she eventually required amputation at the wrist 43 days after the initial arrest. After a prolonged hospitalization, she was liberated from the ventilator and discharged to subacute rehabilitation.
CPC-EM Capsule
What do we already know about this clinical entity?
Extravasation injuries are challenging to diagnose; however, is important that they are recognized and treated early. This becomes even more important when administering catecholamines peripherally in critically ill patients.
What is the major impact of the image?
It is a reminder that patients receiving catecholamines peripherally are at risk for serious complications.
How might this improve emergency medicine practice?
This image serves as a reminder that it is important to heavily weight the risks and benefits of administering catecholamines through a peripherally inserted intravenous catheter and to discuss the risk of injury with patients or their families.
Footnotes
Section Editor: Rick A. McPheeters, DO
Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_cpcem
Address for Correspondence: David S. Bostick, MD, MPH, University of Maryland Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 6th Floor, Suite 200, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. Email: dbostick@umem.org. 1:270 – 271
Submission history: Revision received January 6, 2017; Submitted May 11, 2017; Accepted April 19, 2017
Conflicts of Interest: By the CPC-EM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. The authors disclosed none.
REFERENCES
1. van der Rijt R, Martin-Smith JD, Clover AJ. Reversal of hand peripheral ischaemia due to extravasation of adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(9):e260-3.
2. Hannon MG, Lee SK. Extravasation injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(12):2060-5.