| Author | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Laura J. Bontempo, MD, MEd | University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland |
| Nubia Seyoum, MD | University of Maryland Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland |
CASE PRESENTATION
A 50-year-old woman with widely metastatic melanoma presented to the emergency department with dyspnea. She was found to be tachypneic, hypoxic, tachycardic, and hypotensive. A non-rebreather oxygen mask was placed and her oxygen saturation improved mildly. We obtained a semi-erect chest radiograph (CXR) followed by chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) (Images 1–3), due to concerns for a pulmonary embolism. The CXR revealed a depressed left hemidiaphragm and a left pleural effusion. The CTA revealed a massive left pleural effusion causing left lung atelectasis, rightward mediastinal shift, and depression of the left hemidiaphragm.
DISCUSSION
The diagnosis was a tension hydrothorax due to a massive, malignant pleural effusion causing hemodynamic compromise. The hemodynamic effects of a tension hydrothorax are analogous to those of a tension pneumothorax. Elevated intrathoracic pressure caused by the effusion impairs venous return and compresses the left ventricle, causing reduced stroke volume and subsequent hypotension.1-3 Although pleural effusions are common, occurring in more than half of all cancer patients, a tension hydrothorax due to a massive pleural effusion is a rare event.4,5 It has been reported in cancer patients and as an iatrogenic complication of surgery.1,4-6
A CXR will show a large pleural effusion.2-6,8 However, as in our patient and in a previous case report,6 the CXR might indicate no, or only subtle, findings of intrathoracic tension. Tension findings are revealed by CTA. Emergent intervention is necessary to reduce intrathoracic pressure and allow venous return.4,6,8 In the management of our patient, we performed a left thoracentesis following intubation, allowing drainage of more than one liter of serosanguineous fluid. Her hemodynamics immediately improved. The patient eventually required thoracostomy tube placement for persistent hypoxia and risk of recurrent tension physiology.
The emergency physician must be aware of this entity when a hemodynamically-compromised patient arrives with a pleural effusion, even if mediastinal shift is not evident on the CXR.
CPC-EM Capsule
What do we already know about this clinical entity?
A tension hydrothorax due to a massive pleural effusion is a rare event that can cause hemodynamic instability due to compromised thoracic venous return.
What is the major impact of the image(s)?
The images demonstrate how increased intrathoracic pressure can cause mediastinal shift and vena cava compression.
How might this improve emergency medicine practice?
In a hemodynamically compromised patient with a large pleural effusion, emergent thoracentesis should be considered due to possible tension physiology.
Footnotes
Section Editor: Rick A. McPheeters, DO
Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_cpcem
Documented patient informed consent and/or Institutional Review Board approval has been obtained and filed for publication of this case report.
Address for Correspondence: Laura J. Bontempo, MD, MEd, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 110 S. Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201. Email: lbontempo@som.umaryland.edu. 3:73 – 74
Submission history: Revision received September 27, 2018; Submitted November 16, 2018; Accepted November 26, 2018
Conflicts of Interest: By the CPC-EM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. The authors disclosed none.
REFERENCES
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2. Chattranukulchai P, Satitthummanid S, Puwanant S, et al. A rare cause of pulsus paradoxus: acute tension hydrothorax. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013.
3. Deal A, Evans D, Counselman FL. Tension hydrothorax from disseminated endometriosis. West J Emerg Med. 2016;17(1):88-90.
4. Negus RA, Chachkes JS, Wrenn K. Tension hydrothorax and shock in a patient with a malignant pleural effusion. Am J Emerg Med. 1990;8(3):205-7.
5. Dixit R, Agarwal KC, Gokhroo A, et al. Diagnosis and management options in malignant pleural effusions. Lung India. 2017;34(2):160-6.
6. Dagrosa RL, Martin JF, Bebarta VS. Tension hydrothorax. J Emerg Med. 2009;36(1):78-9.
7. Surani SR, Mendez Y, Anjum H, et al. Pulmonary complications of hepatic diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(26):6008-15.
8. Azim A, Sahoo JN, Baronia AK, et al. Severe dengue with massive pleural effusion requiring urgent intercostal chest tube drainage: a case report. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(2):389.e1-2.
