| Author | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Leslie A. Bilello, MD | Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts |
| Brian Q. Gacioch, MD, EMT-P | Medical Corps, United States Air Force, Malcolm Grow Emergent Care Center, Joint Base Andrews, Maryland |
| James P. Phillips, MD | George Washington University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia |
CASE PRESENTATION
An 84-year-old female status post-Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) presented to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation after a syncopal episode. Surgical excision of a scalp basal cell carcinoma occurred immediately prior to arrival (Image 1). Hemostasis was achieved by both cauterization and direct pressure. Within one minute, patient experienced a 10-second syncopal episode and was hypoxic (64% on room air). The patient arrived via ambulance with blood pressure 108/56 mm Hg and 92% on 15 liters per minute via non-rebreather. Crepitus was appreciated during cardiac auscultation. We performed a focused cardiac ultrasound (Image 2).
DIAGNOSIS
Point-of-care cardiac ultrasound suggested acute air embolism with right heart strain as the cause of the patient’s syncope. An air embolism is a rare but serious complication of any procedure that may involve venous or arterial vasculature. Air emboli in the setting of MMS has previously been cited in a dermatology case report.1 It has also been recorded in head and neck surgery, dental surgery, and is a known complication of seated-position neurosurgical operations.2-5 Complications include, but are not limited to, coronary or cerebral infarct, complete cardiovascular collapse, and death.6
To our knowledge, this is the first case within the ED setting to capture acute air emboli causing hemodynamic compromise on point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). We placed the patient in reverse Trendelenburg while providing supplemental oxygen which lead to real-time clinical improvement with echocardiographic evidence (Image 3). Computed tomography angiogram of the chest ruled out true pulmonary embolism. This case further demonstrates the value of POCUS as a diagnostic tool in the hemodynamically unstable patient. Although clinically significant air emboli are rare, the need to consider the diagnosis is critical. Recognition should prompt treatment with supine or reverse Trendelenburg positioning while providing supplemental oxygen and consideration of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.6
CPC-EM Capsule
What do we already know about this clinical entity?
Acute air emboli may result in coronary or cerebral infarct, cardiovascular collapse and death without appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
What is the major impact of image(s)?
To our knowledge, these are the first ED ultrasound images to capture air emboli causing hemodynamic compromise as well as real-time clinical improvement with echocardiographic evidence.
How might this improve emergency medicine practice?
EM physicians must consider air embolus when approaching a hemodynamically unstable patient, particularly after procedures involving venous or arterial vasculature.
Footnotes
Section Editor: Shadi Lahham, MD
Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_cpcem
Address for Correspondence: Leslie A. Bilello, MD, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, One Deaconess Road, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02215. Email: lbilello@bidmc.harvard.edu. 2:101 – 102
Submission history: Revision received September 18, 2017; Submitted December 8, 2017; Accepted December 13, 2017
Conflicts of Interest: By the CPC-EM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. The authors disclosed none. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Air Force Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
REFERENCES
1. Goldman G, Altmayer S, Sambandan P, et al. Development of cerebral air emboli during Mohs micrographic surgery. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(9):1414-21.
2. Davies JMk, Campbell LA. Fatal air embolism during dental implant surgery: a report of three cases. Can J Anaesth. 1990;37(1):112-21.
3. Phillips RJ, Mulliken JB. Venous air embolism during a craniofacial procedure. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;82(1):155-9.
4. Spence NZ, Faloba K, Sonabend AM, et al. Venous air embolus during scalp incision. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;28:170-1.
5. Turgut N, Ali A, Turkmen A, et al. Comparison of surgical approaches in neurosurgical patients experiencing venous air embolism in the sitting position. West Indian Med J. 2014;63(4):388.
6. Gordy S, Rowell S. Vascular air embolism. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2013;3(1):73-6.