Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) including pulmonary embolism (PE) represents the third leading cause of vascular disease worldwide after myocardial infarction and stroke, with approximately 300,000 deaths each year from PE in the United States.^1-6 The timely diagnosis of PE in the emergency department (ED) is critical to the management of a condition that carries significant morbidity and mortality.⁶

Evidence of right heart dilation or impaired function on point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) are findings that can be associated with the presence of PE. POCUS is a required competency in emergency medicine, should be available in the ED setting, and can be rapidly performed at the bedside. Evidence of right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) on ultrasound is both a predictor of PE diagnosis as well as PE severity and clinical outcomes.^7-9 One of the markers of RVD on ultrasound is reduced tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE).¹⁰ The measurement of TAPSE involves obtaining an apical four-chamber ultrasound view, placing the M-mode line at the lateral tricuspid valve annulus (where the valve leaflet attaches to the wall of the right ventricle), obtaining an M-mode tracing and measuring the height of the annulus movement during systole.¹¹ Besides its utility in diagnosing PE, TAPSE has also been applied as a marker of pulmonary hypertension and, more recently, as a predictor for the development of cardiac tamponade in patients with malignant effusions.^12,13 A prior study showed that investigators trained in echocardiography could visually estimate TAPSE as normal or abnormal with good agreement.⁹ However, to our knowledge, there is no prior literature examining whether emergency clinicians with a diverse level of training can accurately visually estimate TAPSE.

The primary aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of emergency clinicians’ visual estimation of TAPSE as compared to standard M-mode measurements. Secondary aims were to evaluate the accuracy of visual estimation of TAPSE compared to visual estimation of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle (LV) ratio, as well as the self-reported comfort level of emergency clinicians with TAPSE assessment after a brief training intervention.

METHODS

The study was performed at an urban, university-affiliated, tertiary-care ED with a patient volume of approximately 70,000 per year. The institution has an emergency ultrasound division, emergency ultrasound fellows, and a resident ultrasound-training program. All attendings, residents, and mid-level clinicians in emergency medicine (EM) were eligible for enrollment in the study. The study was reviewed by the local institutional review board and determined to be exempt.

Study Participants

We approached all emergency clinicians (including 65 attendings, 58 residents and 33 physician assistants [PA]) in the department for study participation. Participation was solicited by an email sent to all EM-trained attendings, EM residents, and ED PAs. Participation was voluntary and uncompensated. There were no exclusion criteria.

Population Health Research Capsule

What do we already know about this issue?

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is a marker of right heart function that can be a predictor of the diagnosis and severity of pulmonary embolism.

What was the research question?

Can emergency clinicians of diverse training levels accurately visually estimate TAPSE after brief training?

What was the major finding of the study?

Emergency clinicians had fair accuracy for the visual estimation of TAPSE, which is hypothesis generating.

How does this improve population health?

Incorporating visual TAPSE assessment to point-of-care ultrasound techniques in the emergency department may improve the assessment of right heart dysfunction.

Study Design

Study participants were shown a five-minute educational video on TAPSE. The educational video was comprised of PowerPoint^TM slides with a concurrent audio recording outlining the concept of TAPSE and the definitions of normal and abnormal TAPSE, including ultrasound clips demonstrating examples of each. The video was produced and edited by the study authors. Participants then viewed 20 apical four-chamber ultrasound clips. Images were selected by a study investigator to have a wide range of TAPSE values spanning the normal, borderline, and abnormal categories. All images were obtained from our departmental POCUS database and had been reviewed by ultrasound fellowship trained division faculty. Images in the database were previously de-identified, and clinical data were therefore not available for review.

The TAPSE for each of the 20 apical four-chamber clips was measured by an ultrasound fellowship-trained emergency physician (EP) using the M.mode.ify application,¹⁴ an open-source software that generates an M-mode image from any B-mode ultrasound clip (Figure 1). The M.mode.ify application uploads a B-mode ultrasound clip and prompts the user to place an M-mode line. The application then crops and aligns still frames from the ultrasound clip corresponding to the location of the user-placed line in order to splice together an M-mode image. In this study, the M.mode.ify M-mode line was placed over the tricuspid annulus in the same manner as when measuring TAPSE on an ultrasound machine. The M.mode.ify TAPSE for each clip was measured twice. If there was disagreement, a second ultrasound fellowship-trained EP performed a third measurement for final agreement. Only three clips required a third measurement due to differences between the first two measurements of 0.1cm or 0.2cm.

The M.mode.ify M-mode measurement performed by an ultrasound fellowship-trained EP was considered the gold standard of TAPSE assessment for each clip. A measured TAPSE of 1.7 centimeters (cm) or greater was accepted as normal per the recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE).¹⁰ The reference standard for the RV to LV size ratio estimate was calculated by a registered diagnostic medical sonographer using the measured ratio of the diameter of the right ventricle vs the left ventricle at the level of the mitral and tricuspid valves at end diastole.¹⁵

Clips were displayed in random order. Each clip was six seconds long and was played for three consecutive loops, for a total of 18 seconds per clip. While viewing each video clip, participants recorded their visual estimate of TAPSE distance in cms. They were informed of the current ASE guideline cutoff of ≥ 1.7 cm, as well as the study categorizations of normal TAPSE as (>1.9 cm), borderline as (1.5–1.9 cm) and abnormal as (<1.5 cm). We chose these three-category cutoff numbers during the design of this study as some studies on RV dysfunction have used the ASE cutoff of 1.7 cm while others have proposed using a normal TAPSE cutoff of >1.9 cm.^9,12 In addition, participants were asked to note whether the RV:LV ratio appeared normal (<0.9), borderline (0.9–1.1), or abnormal (>1.1), with standard normal defined as an RV size less than a 1:1 size of the LV. These categorizations were chosen based on literature proposing RV:LV ratio cutoffs between 0.9 and 1.12 for predicting PE severity.^16,17

Participants were asked how many previous TAPSE measurements they had performed. They were also asked to rate their comfort level with TAPSE assessment on a Likert scale from 1–5 with 1 indicating “not at all comfortable” with TAPSE and 5 indicating “very comfortable” with this concept, numbers 2 though 4 were not labeled. The Likert score was recorded both before and after the review of the educational video and the entire series of ultrasound clips. Enrollment for each subject took place in a single, in-person session.

Statistical Analysis

We performed a sample size calculation according to the methods described by Buderer (1996).¹⁸ For an expected sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 86% (assuming that accuracy of visual estimation of RV function would be similar to visual estimation of LV function), a positive finding prevalence of 50%, acceptable precision of 10% and a significance level of 0.05, the desired sample size was 82 participants for adequate power in calculating sensitivity and specificity.¹⁹ Participants’ visual estimation of TAPSE distance in centimeters was used to stratify their assessment into the two-category classification of normal or abnormal (≥ 1.7 cm or < 1.7 cm) as well as the three-category classification of normal, borderline or abnormal (>1.9 cm, 1.5–1.9 cm, or <1.5 cm).

We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of participants’ two-category TAPSE assessment using ultrasound expert-performed M.mode.ify measurement of TAPSE as the reference standard. The overall accuracy of the participants’ three-category TAPSE estimate was also calculated. We calculated overall accuracy of the participants’ three-category RV:LV ratio assessment by using the RV:LV ratio measurement performed by a registered sonographer as the reference standard.

We used Mann-Whitney U test to compare sensitivity and specificity between training levels. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate TAPSE comfort level before and after the intervention. We considered a p value <0.05 statistically significant. Data was analyzed using Stata 14.2 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX).

RESULTS

A total of 70 emergency clinicians including 20 postgraduate year (PGY) 1–4 residents (7 PGY-1, 5 PGY-2, 5 PGY-3 and 3 PGY-4), 22 attending physicians, and 28 PAs participated in the study. While four (18%) of the attending physicians had previously completed an ultrasound fellowship, the majority of attendings (16, 73%) reported never previously having measured TAPSE. Half of the residents (10, 50%) and the majority of physician assistants (26, 93%) also reported no prior experience with TAPSE measurement. The range of TAPSE values in the 20 clips was 0.3–3.6 cm with 11 (55%) of the clips having abnormal TAPSE.

The pooled sensitivity and specificity for visual assessment of TAPSE was 88.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.4–91.7%) and 81.6% (95% CI, 78.2–84.4%) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for correct assessment of the clips (16/20) in which the measured TAPSE was not borderline (<1.5 cm or >1.9 cm) was 91.4% (95% CI, 88.4–94.3%) and 90.8% (95% CI, 87.7–93.9%), respectively.

The overall accuracy for the correct classification of TAPSE into the three categories of normal, borderline, and abnormal was 72.9% (95% CI, 70.4–75.3%). Table 1 shows the percent accuracy of TAPSE categorization within each of these three categories. The overall accuracy for correct categorization of non-borderline TAPSE into normal and abnormal was 91.2% (95% CI, 89.2–93.3%). The overall accuracy for the correct categorization of RV:LV ratio into the three categories of normal, borderline, and abnormal was 61.5% (95% CI, 59.6–63.5%). Table 2 shows the percent accuracy of RV:LV categorization within each of these three categories. The overall accuracy for the correct categorization of non-borderline RV:LV ratio into normal and abnormal was 71.4% (95% CI, 69.1–73.8%).

There was no significant difference in the sensitivity (88.9% vs 89.7%, p = 0.27) or specificity (83.33% vs. 80.8%, p = 0.55) of visual TAPSE assessment between resident and attending physicians or between physicians and PAs (89.3% vs 87.4%, p = 0.17 for sensitivity and 82.0% vs 80.9%, p = 0.81 for specificity) (Figure 2). Median TAPSE assessment comfort score increased from 1 (interquartile range [IQR] 1–2) to 3 (IQR 3–4) after participation in the study among all participants.

DISCUSSION

Assessment of RV function is an important aspect of the emergent evaluation of patients presenting with cardiopulmonary complaints, particularly when there is concern for PE. In this study, emergency clinicians of diverse training levels were able to categorize TAPSE as normal or abnormal by visual assessment with fair sensitivity and specificity when compared to TAPSE M-mode measurement, after review of a brief educational video. The overall significance of these findings is limited by a slightly smaller than targeted sample size, which may have led to insufficient power of the study’s results.

Although EPs have been shown to be able to use M-mode to measure TAPSE as a marker of RV systolic function, this measurement can be cumbersome for many users.⁹ It has been previously demonstrated that EPs can visually estimate left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction with good agreement as compared to cardiologists.¹⁹ If emergency clinicians could also estimate RV systolic function visually at the point-of-care without performing M-mode measurements, this could be a time efficient addition to the assessment of cardiac function the ED. We believe that our results provide early, hypothesis generating evidence that this may be the case.

In patients with PE, a finding of RV dysfunction as demonstrated by low TAPSE measurement has been associated with increased mortality, longer length of hospital stay, and the development of pulmonary hypertension.^7,8 TAPSE has been shown to be the least user-dependent evaluation of RV dysfunction and has been shown to be a feasible measurement by emergency physicians.^9,20 Prior literature also suggests that TAPSE is a sensitive marker for PE in patients with tachycardia or hypotension.^9,21

In the current study, there was superior sensitivity and specificity for assessing normal vs. abnormal at the more extreme ranges of TAPSE as compared to the overall sensitivity and specificity of TAPSE assessment as normal or abnormal. Patients with severely reduced TAPSE from conditions such as a massive or sub-massive PE would likely require the most time-sensitive clinical interventions.²¹ Therefore, the ability to correctly identify significantly impaired RV dysfunction with a quick visual assessment may represent a valuable clinical application. Our data implies that patients with severely reduced TAPSE are more accurately identified than those with borderline RV dysfunction.

Interestingly, visual estimation of RV to LV ratio had only fair accuracy across all participants in our cohort, despite this being the accepted POCUS method for evaluating for right ventricular dysfunction, and which is taught to emergency clinicians at our institution.^22,23 Even excluding borderline RV size clips, the overall accuracy of correct categorization of RV as normal or abnormal was only 71.4%. This may have been due to the fact that RV size may be more difficult to estimate or due to the fact that the visual estimation of RV:LV size was not included in the educational video but assumed to be known by the study participants. The overall accuracy of correct categorization of non-borderline TAPSE was 91.2%. Paczyńska and colleagues demonstrated recently that TAPSE was a better predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with acute PE than RV to LV ratio.²⁴ Our study suggests that visual TAPSE assessment could be a more accessible and accurate aspect of the POCUS assessment of right heart function than relative RV size for emergency clinicians in the acute care setting. Whether dedicated training in the assessment of RV size could improve emerency clinicians’ accuracy in this measure warrants further investigation.

A prior study by Daley et al demonstrated that a small sample of three ultrasound fellowship-trained EM attendings, four ultrasound fellows as well as an EM resident and medical student with several weeks of training in TAPSE measurement could visually estimate its value with good agreement.⁹ In comparison, the majority of participants in our study had never previously measured TAPSE. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the visual estimation of TAPSE by non-physician clinicians. Advance practice providers (APP) such as PAs and nurse practitioners have become increasing prevalent in EM, and the use of POCUS by APPs is a growing aspect of their practice.²⁵ Visual TAPSE assessment was easily learned by those who had little or no prior exposure to the concept of TAPSE. There was no significant difference in the overall sensitivity or specificity of visual TAPSE assessment between junior and senior residents, residents, and attendings, or physicians of all levels of training and PAs. Although a very brief training video appeared to increase participants’ confidence in visual TAPSE assessment, more extensive education is likely required for this skill to be applied in clinical practice. Further study as to whether diverse groups of emergency clinicians in different types of hospital settings can visually assess TAPSE, and whether this correlates to clinically significant disease processes is warranted.

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by smaller than targeted sample size due to the lack of sufficient volunteers, which may have led to insufficient power of the study’s results. Enrollment took place at a single academic institution with a robust ultrasound training program, which may limit generalizability to other institutions and practice settings. Emergency clinicians volunteered to participate in the study, which may have introduced a selection bias. The clips were selected from an ultrasound image database but may not have been representative of those encountered in clinical practice. Furthermore, because the clips were selected from a de-identified database, the clinical information for the patients (ie, whether they had a diagnosis of PE or other right heart pathology) is unknown. Results could vary when clinicians both obtain the POCUS images as well as estimate the TAPSE in clinical practice. Finally, description of the M.mode.ify software has been published in peer-reviewed literature, but independent validation of how well it corresponds to ultrasound machine M-mode measurements has not been established.

CONCLUSION

The ability to estimate RV systolic function visually at the point of care could represent a valuable addition to the assessment of cardiac function in the ED. This study suggests that visual TAPSE estimate is easy to learn and may be a feasible surrogate for measurements, particularly in non-borderline cases.

Footnotes

Section Editor: Shane Summers, MD

Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_westjem

Address for Correspondence: Youyou Duanmu, MD, MPH, Stanford University School of Medicine, 900 Welch Road, Suite 350, Palo Alto, CA 94304. Email: yduanmu@stanford.edu. 7 / 2020; 21:1022 – 1028

Submission history: Revision received January 26, 2020; Submitted May 6, 2020; Accepted May 12, 2020

Conflicts of Interest: By the WestJEM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. No author has professional or financial relationships with any companies that are relevant to this study. There are no conflicts of interest or sources of funding to declare.

REFERENCES

1. Di Nisio M, van Es N, Büller HR. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet. 2016;388(10063):3060-73.

2. Bell EJ, Lutsey PL, Basu S, et al. Lifetime risk of venous thromboembolism in two cohort studies. Am J Med. 2016;129(3):339.e19-26.

3. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Acute pulmonary embolism – part I: epidemiology and diagnosis. Circulation. 2006;114(2):e28-32.

4. Heit JA. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community: implications for prevention and management. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2006;21(1):23-9.

5. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(6):585-93.

6. Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet. 1999;353(9162):1386-9.

7. Pruszczyk P, Goliszek S, Lichodziejewska B, et al. Prognostic value of echocardiography in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(6):553-60.

8. Zanobetti M, Converti C, Conti A, et al. Prognostic value of emergency physician performed echocardiography in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism. West J Emerg Med. 2013;14(5):509-517.

9. Daley J, Grotberg J, Pare J, et al. Emergency physician performed tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in the evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(1):106-11.

10. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, et al. Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography. Endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(7):685-713.

11. Kaul S, Tei C, Hopkins JM, Shah PM. Assessment of right ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography. Am Heart J. 1984;107(3):526-31.

12. Mathai SC, Sibley CT, Forfia PR, et al. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion Is a robust outcome measure in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(11):2410-8.

13. Chalikias G, Samaras A, Ziakas A, et al. Novel echocardiographic prognostic markers for cardiac tamponade in patients with large malignant pericardial effusions: a paradigm shift from flow to tissue imaging. Echocardiography. 2017;34(9):1315-23.

14. Smith BC, Avila J. M.mode.ify: a free online tool to generate post hoc M-Mode images from any ultrasound clip. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(2):435-9.

15. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233-71.

16. Frémont B, Pacouret G, Jacobi D, Puglisi R, Charbonnier B, De Labriolle A. Prognostic value of echocardiographic right/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ratio in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: results from a monocenter registry of 1,416 patients. Chest. 2008;133(2):358-62.

17. Seon HJ, Kim KH, Lee WS, et al. Usefulness of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography in the risk stratification of acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Circ J. 2011;75(2):428-36.

18. Buderer NM. Statistical methodology: I. Incorporating the prevalence of disease into the sample size calculation for sensitivity and specificity. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3:895-900.

19. Unlüer EE, Karagöz A, Akoğlu H, Bayata S. Visual estimation of bedside echocardiographic ejection fraction by emergency physicians. West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(2):221-6.

20. Jimenez D, Briongos S, Castillo H, et al. Interobserver reliability of echocardiography for prognostication of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2014;12:29.

21. Daley JI, Dwyer KH, Grunwald Z, et al. Increased sensitivity of focused cardiac ultrasound for pulmonary embolism in emergency department patients with abnormal vital signs. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(11):1211-20.

22. Dresden S, Mitchell P, Rahimi L, et al. Right ventricular dilatation on bedside echocardiography performed by emergency physicians aids in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(1):16-24.

23. Filopei J, Acquah SO, Bondarsky EE, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound performed by pulmonary critical care physicians for right ventricle assessment in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(12):2040-5.

24. Paczynska M, Sobieraj P, Burzynski L, et al. Tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) has superior predictive value compared to right ventricular to left ventricular ratio in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12(5):1008-14.

25. Fuller F, Norman F. Five easy-to-master uses for point-of-care ultrasound. J Am Acad Physician Assist. 2017;30(12):48-51.

Share on Facebook

Tweet

Share via email