Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are common viral infections with an estimated seroprevalence of 53.9% and 15.7% in the United States, respectively, from 2005–2010.¹ Although both viruses can have systemic sequelae, uncomplicated HSV infections are most commonly self-limited and treated in an outpatient non-emergent setting. Despite the commonality of HSV, little is known about the incidence of symptomatic cases and the economic burden of HSV infection on national healthcare expenditures. In this study, we aimed to characterize the utilization and cost burden associated with HSV infection visits to U.S. emergency departments (ED) from 2006 through 2013.

METHODS

We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database, which is the largest all-payer national database of hospital-based ED visits in the U.S.² The database contains data for roughly 30 million ED visits each year and approximately 135 million weighted ED visits in total. The database contains information such as diagnoses of ED visits searchable through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, patient demographic information, ED charges for ED visits, and total hospital charges for ED-related admissions.² We searched the database for visits for HSV infection in the years 2006–2013 using ICD-9-CM codes 054.0–054.9. These codes have a positive predictive value of 86% in identifying cases of HSV infection.³

We identified HSV ED visits with routine discharges – defined as visits that did not result in an in-patient admission – in the NEDS database, and we calculated visit counts and total ED charges using demographic and clinical variables. Annual charges were adjusted for inflation to 2016 dollars using the Medical Care Consumer Price Index.⁵ A multivariable linear regression model was constructed to calculate adjusted mean charges. We used survey procedures in SAS 9.4 to produce national estimates based on the stratified, single-stage cluster design of the NEDS database. This study was deemed exempt by the Partners Healthcare institutional review board.

RESULTS

From 2006–2013, a total of 1,024,771,257 visits were made to the ED, 704,728 (0.069%) of which were visits with a primary diagnosis of HSV infection. Of these, 658,805 (93.5%) were ED visits with routine discharges that did not result in an inpatient admission, amounting to a total ED charge of $543.0 million. The mean age of patients was 25.2 years, 63.6% of whom were female (Table 1).

Adjusted mean visit charges were higher for those age ≥ 50 years (p=.010), female (p<.001), diagnosed with genital herpes or herpes simplex with complication (p<.001), with concurrent chronic conditions (p<.001), or with private insurance (p<.001) (Table 1).

Total HSV ED visits and spending, after adjusting for inflation, increased annually from 2006–2013 (73,227 visits, $45.0 million in 2006 vs. 90,627 visits, $90.7 million in 2013). Annual visits for genital herpes have increased (n=24,747, 33.8% in 2006 vs. n=36,518, 40.3% in 2013) while visits for herpetic gingivostomatitis decreased (n=14,934, 20.4% in 2006 vs. n=12,061, 13.3% in 2013) (Table 2).

DISCUSSION

Our study demonstrates that routine HSV infection accounted for 658,805 ED visits and $543.0 million in ED charges over eight years from 2006–2013. Trends across years, after adjusting for inflation, show an approximate doubling of ED spending on routine HSV infections from 2006 to 2013 ($45.0 million to $90.7 million), and a 24% increase in number of visits (73,227 visits in 2006, vs. 90,627 visits in 2013).

ED visits for genital herpes between 2006 and 2013 have increased while visits for herpes gingivostomatitis have decreased. This finding is consistent with reports of increased rates of genital HSV-1 infections in the setting of possible lack of protection from pre-existing orolabial HSV-1 antibodies, and it highlights the evolving epidemiology of this disease. ¹

These findings add to the existing literature on HSV prevalence and epidemiology in the U.S. by providing data on the national ED utilization and charge pattern for HSV infection. Routine HSV infections can largely be treated in non-urgent, outpatient settings. In our cohort, 68% of the patients had insurance coverage, while only 3.9% had herpes simplex with complication, suggesting that the majority of ED utilization for HSV infection could have been transitioned to non-urgent care settings to prevent unnecessary ED use.

Adjusted mean ED charges were higher for females ($981, p<.001) or those with private insurance ($943, p<.001). Protocol differences between ED management of males vs. females (e.g., routine human chorionic gonadotropin urine tests for females) may have contributed to the differences; additionally, higher costs may also be charged to private insurances as compared to Medicare and Medicaid. The overall increase in cost could be a function of increased diagnostic evaluation such as direct fluorescent-antibody testing. Unfortunately, this dataset does not provide itemized charges, so direct contributors to cost cannot be determined.

Limited access to primary care, convenience of ED access, and patient alarm in the case of genital herpes may have played a role in the utilization of the ED for routine HSV infections. Younger patients are more likely to visit the ED for non-urgent conditions and may be a target for future intervention.⁶ Public health efforts should focus on patient education and improving alternative access to care to reduce reliance on ED services for HSV. Efforts to provide easier access to medications via teledermatology consultation or over-the-counter access, especially for patients with established diagnoses may reduce utilization.

LIMITATIONS

Our findings should be interpreted in the context of the study design. The NEDS database provides ED/hospital charges but does not have information regarding reimbursed amounts or fees paid to physicians and other professionals.² As with other NEDS studies, charges may not be fully reimbursed, and thus our findings in this study may overestimate the overall costs. This limitation is unlikely to significantly impact the year-to-year comparison and overall trends.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our study demonstrates the increasing costs associated with treatment of HSV in U.S. EDs. As most of these patients were routine discharges, much of this care could have likely been provided in alternative, lower-cost settings. Our findings highlight the need for continued prevention, patient education, and emphasis of care in non-emergency settings to prevent unnecessary ED use for routine HSV infections.

Footnotes

Section Editor: Stephen Liang, MD, MPHS

Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_westjem

Address for Correspondence: Arash Mostaghimi, MD, MPA, MPH, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Dermatology, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. Email: amostaghimi@bwh.harvard.edu. 7 / 2018; 19:689 – 692

Submission history: Revision received January 10, 2018; Submitted January 10, 2018; Accepted March 10, 2018

Conflicts of Interest: By the WestJEM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. No author has professional or financial relationships with any companies that are relevant to this study. There are no conflicts of interest or sources of funding to declare.

REFERENCES

1. Bradley H, Markowitz LE, Gibson T, et al. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2–United States, 1999–2010. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(3):325-33.

2. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. NEDS Overview. 2016. Available at: https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/nedsoverview.jsp. Accessed on January 3, 2017.

3. Drahos J, Vanwormer JJ, Greenlee RT, et al. Accuracy of ICD-9-CM codes in identifying infections of pneumonia and herpes simplex virus in administrative data. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23(5):291-3.

4. Rooney JF, Bryson Y, Mannix ML, et al. Prevention of ultraviolet-light-induced herpes labialis by sunscreen. Lancet. 1991;338(8780):1419-22.

5. Consumer Price Index Inflation Medical care in US city average, all urban consumers, not seasonally adjusted. Available at: https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUUR0000SAM?output_view=pct_12mths. Accessed on July 4, 2017.

6. Uscher-Pines L, Pines J, Kellermann A, et al. Emergency department visits for nonurgent conditions: systematic literature review. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(1):47-59.