Introduction
Case report
Discussion
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

In 2017, snake envenomation was listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease.¹ Globally, snake envenomation represents a serious public health concern with approximately five million snakebites occurring every year. An estimate of 81,000 to 138,000 people die yearly because of snakebites, and approximately three times as many amputations and other disabilities are caused by snakebites annually.^2,3 Unfortunately, in the Middle East there is insufficient data describing snakebite envenomation, which constitutes a challenge for clinicians who care for these patients in the emergency department (ED). Indeed, the lack of knowledge about these snakes and the lack of timely appropriate antivenom at the Lebanese hospitals are two of the main causes of morbidity. One of the few studies available has described the types of snakes in Lebanon, incidence, clinical outcomes, and available antivenoms.⁴ We report the case of a five-year-old child who was bitten by a rarely encountered Lebanese snake, Montivipera bornmuelleri, which is also known as the Lebanon viper.

CASE REPORT

A five-year-old boy presented to the ED 13 hours after sustaining a snakebite to his right middle finger. The incident occurred in the Cedars (Arez) area (northern Lebanon) at around 2000 meters above sea level. Prior to arrival to our institution, the patient was taken to another hospital where he was treated with dexamethasone and promethazine. The parents killed the snake and stored it in a bottle filled with an isopropyl alcohol-based solution (Image 1). Beside it is a photograph of Montivipera bornmuelleri taken in nature (Image 1). The parents obtained the polyvalent anti-venom Antivenom-2 from the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health. Antivenom-2 is manufactured in Syria [Scientific Studies and Research Center, Damascus]) (Image 2).

Upon arrival to the ED, the patient was complaining of mild pain in his right middle finger. He denied vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, headache, or other complaints. The patient was hemodynamically stable with a blood pressure of 105/63 millimeters of mercury, temperature 36.5°C, heart rate 88 beats per minute, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Pertinent physical examination findings included a well-appearing and comfortable child with a normal rate and rhythm and normal pulses. He had good bilateral air entry on lung auscultation, and his neurologic exam was unremarkable. On musculoskeletal exam, his right middle finger was swollen with ecchymosis of the middle phalanx (Image 3). The finger had intact range of motion over the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, with intact sensation. There was no erythema or warmth, and the capillary refill was less than two seconds.

Initial laboratory studies revealed a complete blood count (CBC) with a white blood cell count (WBC) of 9.7 thousand cells per cubic millimeters. (K/mm3) (reference range 5 to 17 K/mm3), hemoglobin (Hb) 13.9 grams per deciliter (g/dL) (10–15 g/dL), platelets (plt) 346,000 /μL (150 to 400,000/μL), creatinine 0.4 milligrams/dL (mg/dL) (0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL), D-dimer 210 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (normal less than 255 ng/mL), prothrombin time 11.9 seconds (control 11.4 seconds), activated partial thromboplastin time 32.1 seconds (control 32.5 seconds), international normalized ratio (INR) 1.0 (0.9 to 1.2), fibrinogen 2.38 grams per liter (g/L) (1.7 to 4 g/L) and a creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) 712 international units per kilogram (IU/kg) (20 to 205 IU/kg).

The snake was identified by the consulting medical toxicology team as Montivipera bornmuelleri. A digital plethysmography was done by the vascular surgery consultant, which showed normal digital pressures in both hands as well as patent radial and ulnar arteries with normal triphasic flow pattern. Due to the swelling and the concern for additional progression, the child was given 5 mL of Antivenom-2.

CPC-EM Capsule

What do we already know about this clinical entity?

Montivipera bornmuelleri snake is rare and was shown in experimental studies to exhibit hemodynamic, hemolytic, pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic properties.

What makes this presentation of disease reportable?

We detail the clinical presentation, management and the use of the polyvalent anti-venom specific for rare snakes inhabiting the Middle East area.

What is the major learning point?

The major learning point from this case report is to highlight the clinical manifestation and management of this rare envenomation.

How might this improve emergency medicine practice?

It would benefit the emergency physicians as a first guide to the presentation and management of this rare case of snake envenomation.

Repeat laboratory studies taken eight hours later (20 hours after the bite) revealed a WBC of 15,400 K/mcL. Hb of 12.5 g/dL, plt 340,000/μL, D-dimer 182 ng/mL, INR 1.0, fibrinogen 2.05 g/L, and CPK 849 IU/L. No systemic toxicity developed. The swelling did not extend beyond the middle phalanx, and ecchymosis decreased. Repeated laboratory studies including coagulation profile remained normal. The increase in WBC was attributed either to being stress-induced or due to the corticosteroids taken at the outside hospital. The patient was successfully discharged home from the ED and instructed to obtain repeat CBC, coagulation profile, and CPK the next day and to follow up with the toxicology team. Follow-up images of the right middle phalanx were obtained the next day (Image 3b) and three days after discharging the patient (Image 3c).

DISCUSSION

Snakebites in Lebanon have been poorly studied, and little is known about the epidemiology or clinical manifestations of local snakebites.⁵ Lebanon has around 25 species of snakes, three of which are venomous vipers: Daboia palaestinae, Macrovipera lebetina, and M. bornmuelleri. One study⁴ found that most cases of envenomation were attributed to M. lebetina and D. palaestinae. The clinical manifestations of these snakebites include tachycardia (33.3%), hypotension (20.8%), anaphylaxis (12.5%), headache (4.2%), and nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (4.2% each). Hematological abnormalities include leukocytosis (37.5%), and coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia (12.5% each). Among the reported complications are dizziness or impaired consciousness, compartment syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, cellulitis, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, vaginal bleeding, and congestive heart failure.

Although little is known about the biology of this rare species, it is likely to share aspects with other members of the Viperidae family and the subfamily Viperinae. This species is endemic to high altitudes (above 1800 meters) and is mainly found in Lebanon, specifically in Mount Lebanon, and less abundantly in Palestine. Members of the Montivipera genus usually have a short tail and can grow to a maximum of 75 centimeters in length.⁶

M. bornmuelleri viper venom is known to reduce blood pressure by displaying vasorelaxant effects that act synergistically on different pathways. It can act on endothelial cells and induce the release of the vasoactive mediator, nitric oxide, reduce calcium ion influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels, and inhibit contraction induced by angiotensin I.⁷ The venom has been shown to exhibit strong antibacterial, hemolytic, anticoagulant, and pro-inflammatory activities.⁸ Recent in vivo studies have explored some potential anti-cancer and immunomodulator properties that the M. bornmuelleri viper venom might exhibit.^8,9 It is well known that viper venom can act on the nervous system.^7,8,9 However, no studies exist outlining the effect of M. bornmuelleri venom on the nervous system. Some researchers suggest that this neurologic effect might be attributed to the effect that this venom has on calcium/potassium and sodium channel blockage.⁷ Future studies are needed to highlight other potential biological and clinical manifestations of this rare viper’s envenomation.

To our knowledge, few or no reported cases exist in the literature describing the clinical manifestations or mortality caused by envenomation by the M. bornmuelleri as it is considered one of the rarest snakes inhabiting high altitudes in the Middle East.¹⁰ In fact, Abi-Rizk et al, in a study performed on mice, reported that the median lethal dose (LD50) of M. bornmuelleri venom injected intramuscularly LD50 is 5.93 mg/kg and intraperitoneally (IP) LD50 is around 1.93. The lethality of the M. bornmuelleri venom is similar to that of D. palestinae with an experimental IP LD50 of 1.9 mg/kg.⁹

Luckily our patient developed only minor local signs and symptoms without any systemic toxicity. The role of the antivenom that was administered by the treating physician is unknown. This patient received the antivenom in this case because it is not a common envenomation; however, it is one of the toxic envenomations that can lead to coagulopathy and death. Furthermore, it is the first snakebite treated at our institution. Antivenom-2 is manufactured from the serum of horses that were immunized with venom from the snakes D. palaestinae, Macrovipera lebetinus, Vipera xanthina, Vipera amodytes, and Cerastes cerastes. This antivenom had formerly been adopted by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health and distributed free of charge to hospitals. Due to the war in Syria and the resulting difficulties in procuring this antivenom, it was recently substituted by the Menaven/Biosnake antivenom manufactured in India by VINS Bioproducts Ltd, Hyderabad.¹¹

While this antivenom is listed to be active specifically against some of the Lebanese snakes, M. lebitinus and D. palaestinae, it is not listed for use in cases of bites from the Lebanon viper. In our clinical experience in Lebanon, other products are occasionally used that are not listed to be active specifically against any of the snakes indigenous to Lebanon. A geographically specific and comprehensive database of snakes and antivenoms is urgently needed to address these important gaps in the appropriate management of snakebites, which the WHO has deemed a neglected tropical disease with an asymmetrical impact on developing countries. Of note, the dosing of the antivenom is not dependent upon age or weight but it does vary based on the severity of the envenomation.¹¹ For more information about the antivenoms available, we are attaching below in Appendix A the leaflet of the Syrian antivenom along with its translation and in Appendix B the leaflet of the Indian antivenom.

CONCLUSION

The scenario we report describes an interesting case of a five-year-old male patient who presented after a snakebite envenomation on his right finger, secondary to the M. bornmuelleri. He was successfully treated with polyvalent antivenom, after which the swelling did not extend beyond the middle phalanx and the ecchymosis decreased. The patient was discharged home after observation at our ED. This case is unique as snakebites in Lebanon are poorly studied, and little is known about the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of local snakebites, in particular those caused by envenomation by the M. bornmuelleri, given that it is considered one of the rarest snakes inhabiting high altitudes in the Middle East.

Footnotes

Section Editor: Rachel Lindor, MD, JD

Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_cpcem

Author Contributions: FT, SSAN, ZK, RS, and TEZ made a substantial contribution to the conception of this manuscript. ZK and TEZ were directly involved in patient care. FT and SSAN equally wrote and contributed to the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Documented patient informed consent and/or Institutional Review Board approval has been obtained and filed for publication of this case report.

Address for Correspondence: Tharwat El Zahran, MD, American University of Beirut, Department of Emergency Medicine, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. Email: te15@aub.edu.lb. 6:318 – 322

Submission history: Revision received January 21, 2022; Submitted May 10, 2022; Accepted May 12, 2022

Conflicts of Interest: By the CPC-EM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. The authors disclosed none.

REFERENCES

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7. Accary C, Hraoui-Bloquet S, Sadek R, et al. The relaxant effect of the snake venom on vascular contractility. J Venom Res. 2016;7:10-5.

8. Yacoub T, Rima M, Sadek R, et al. venom has immunomodulatory effects mainly up-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spleens of mice. Toxicol Rep. 2018;5:318-23.

9. Abi-Rizk A, Rima M, Bloquet SH, et al. Lethal, hemorrhagic, and necrotic effects of venom. Current Herpetology. 2017:58-62.

10. Amr ZS, Abu Baker MA, Warrell DA. Terrestrial venomous snakes and snakebites in the Arab countries of the Middle East. Toxicon. 2020;177:1-15.

11. Jabbour E. Snakebite in Lebanon: the painful reality. Med J Emerg Med. 2020;28:64-8.

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