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Figure 1
Normal versus grade I/II hypertensive retinopathy. (Top) Normal ocular fundus. Note that the ratio between the arteries and the veins (arteriovenous [AV] ratio) is about 2:3. (Middle) Grade I hypertensive retinopathy. Note mild narrowing and sclerosis of retinal arteries with an overall AV ratio of about 1:2. (Bottom) Grade II hypertensive retinopathy. There is AV nicking (arrow) and moderate to severe narrowing and sclerosis of arterioles (eg, within the ellipse the AV ratio is less than 1:2).

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WestJEM
ISSN: 1936-900X
e-ISSN: 1936-9018

CPC-EM
ISSN: 2474-252X

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Emergency Medicine is a specialty which closely reflects societal challenges and consequences of public policy decisions. The emergency department specifically deals with social injustice, health and economic disparities, violence, substance abuse, and disaster preparedness and response. This journal focuses on how emergency care affects the health of the community and population, and conversely, how these societal challenges affect the composition of the patient population who seek care in the emergency department. The development of better systems to provide emergency care, including technology solutions, is critical to enhancing population health.

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