| Author | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Luke Wohlford, MD | The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Burlington, Vermont |
| Richard Bounds, MD | The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Burlington, Vermont |
ABSTRACT
Case Presentation
We present a case of a 79-year-old male with gastric outlet obstruction resulting from a stomach herniation through a large left inguinal hernia.
Discussion
Stomach-containing inguinal hernias are a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Treatment options range from conservative to surgical management. Once identified with imaging, prompt treatment should be initiated to prevent incarceration, strangulation, and gastric necrosis.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 79-year-old male with a left inguinoscrotal hernia and aortic stenosis presented to the emergency department with an acute syncopal episode. The patient attributed his own weakness and passing out to poor oral intake and abdominal pain for three days. He noted a left inguinal bulge that had never bothered him previously. The gastrointestinal symptoms had improved the day prior to the patient’s syncopal episode, but he started to feel palpitations and generally weaker on the day of presentation. He had no prior surgeries for the inguinal hernia, which had no previous complications.
On examination, vital signs included blood pressure of 123/82 millimeters of mercury, pulse rate 141 and irregularly irregular, respiratory rate 16 breaths per minute, and temperature 36.8° Celsius. The abdominal exam demonstrated a distended but non-tender abdomen, with a palpable left inguinal mass (Image 1). Further workup with computed tomography demonstrated a large and distended stomach with extension of the distal portion including the pylorus into the inguinal hernia (Images 2 and 3).
DISCUSSION
Incarceration of a portion of the stomach is a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction, with fewer than 20 cases documented in the literature.1 The rarity of stomach-containing groin hernias is remarkable, considering that the lifetime incidence of groin hernias is estimated to be between 27–43% for men and 3–6% for women.2 The inferior portion of the stomach attaches to the omentum by the gastrocolic ligament, making it vulnerable to herniation through particularly large and chronic inguinal hernias.3 Acquired inguinal hernias are typically direct, resulting from the chronic pressure of a hernia sac just medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.4 Less common than direct hernias, but seen in our patient, is the acquired, indirect hernia protruding lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, which travels through the inguinal canal and often extends into the scrotum. Nasogastric tube placement may adequately relieve the most severe symptoms, which can be followed by operative hernia repair, or even percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube placement.5 Physicians should be aware of the ability of the stomach to herniate into large inguinal hernia defects and act promptly to avoid incarceration, strangulation, and stomach necrosis.
CPC-EM Capsule
What do we already know about this clinical entity?
Stomach-containing inguinal hernias are rare and can potentially lead to gastric outlet obstruction if left untreated.
What is the major impact of the image(s)?
The computed tomography images depict herniation of the stomach through the inguinal canal, including the gastric antrum, demonstrating a unique cause of gastric outlet obstruction.
How might this improve emergency medicine practice?
This case highlights the importance of thorough physical examination and consideration of imaging to prevent serious, hernia-related complications.
Footnotes
Section Editor: Steven Walsh, MD
Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_cpcem
Patient consent has been obtained and filed for the publication of this case report.
Address for Correspondence: Luke Wohlford, MD, The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 111 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT, 05401. Email: luke.wohlford@uvmhealth.org. 9:123 – 124
Submission history: Revision received October 15, 2024; Submitted December 14, 2024; Accepted December 16, 2024
Conflicts of Interest: By the CPC-EM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. The authors disclosed none.
REFERENCES
1. Favela JG, Argo MB, McAllister J, et al. Gastric outlet obstruction from stomach-containing groin hernias: case report and a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2023;13(1):155.
2. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia. 2018;22(1):1-165.
3. Grantham TA, Ramachandran R, Parvataneni S, et al. Stomach within a large inguinal hernia. Cureus. 2022;14(5):e24783.
4. Morrison Z, Kashyap S, Nirujogi VL. Adult inguinal hernia. StatPearls. 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537241/. Accessed October 15, 2024.
5. Blair SM, Cournoyer RM, Newcomb MR, et al. Novel treatment of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to incarcerated inguinal hernia: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. J Surg Case Rep. 2023;2023(6):rjad294.
