Introduction
Case Report
Discussion

INTRODUCTION

Point-of-care (POC) ultrasound is commonly used in the emergency department (ED) to evaluate for subcutaneous abscesses. Studies have shown that ultrasound is superior to clinical exam in detecting drainable superficial fluid collections in soft tissue infections.^1-5 In one study, ultrasound was found to change the management in nearly half of ED patients with cellulitis and a low clinical suspicion for abscess.1 Superficial abscesses are located in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, while deep musculoskeletal abscesses are located deep to, or within the muscle. Although the role of ultrasound in superficial soft tissue infections is well established, the evidence supporting the use of POC ultrasound to detect deep musculoskeletal abscesses is limited to case reports.^6,7

CASE REPORT

A 49-year-old right-handed man with a history of injection drug use presented to the emergency department (ED) with two days of right shoulder pain. Approximately four days prior to his visit, he injected heroin into his right deltoid muscle, inserting the needle completely to its hub. He reported mild pain at rest, but severe pain with minimal movement of his right shoulder; he denied weakness or numbness of the right upper extremity. He had no previous shoulder injuries or surgeries, no allergies, and was not taking any medications. On review of systems, he denied fever, but reported subjective chills.

The patient’s vital signs were: oral temperature 99.4°F, pulse 76 beats/minute, blood pressure 128/78mm Hg, respiratory rate 20 breaths/minute, and oxygen saturation of 100% on room air. Observation of the right upper extremity revealed subtle swelling over the anterior aspect of his right shoulder (Figure). His anterior and lateral deltoid were tender to palpation, but there was no warmth, induration, erythema, or fluctuance. Both active and passive range of motion of his right shoulder were limited by pain, most significantly with abduction. A neurovascular examination of his arm was normal and his arm compartments were soft. The remainder of his physical examination was normal.

Figure. Subtle swelling over the anterior aspect of the patient’s right shoulder.

Anterior-posterior, oblique, and lateral radiographs of the right shoulder revealed no dislocation, fracture, gas or other evidence of abscess. Laboratory studies were notable for a white blood cell count of 12.6×103/µL and a C-reactive protein level of 108mg/L.

POC ultrasound of the patient’s right shoulder revealed a 2x3cm fluid collection deep to the right deltoid with surrounding inflammatory changes, but no evidence of a joint effusion or fluid- filled bursa. Using real-time ultrasound guidance, the provider inserted an 18-gauge needle into the fluid collection and aspirated approximately 3mL of purulent material (Video).

Given the evidence of an abscess deep to the deltoid muscle, orthopedic surgery was consulted. In the ED, the orthopedic surgeon made a small incision and drainage at the site of the previous aspiration (without ultrasound guidance), which did not produce further purulent material. The wound was irrigated with normal saline and betadine. The patient was admitted to the hospital and received intravenous vancomycin, with a plan for a more extensive incision and surgical washout in the operating room.

The following day, as the patient was being prepared for surgery, he left against medical advice. He was prescribed oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and was told to return to the ED for a wound check in 1-2 days.

The following day, the patient returned to the ED and stated he had been taking the oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as directed. He denied fevers, chills, or purulent drainage from the wound, but noted improvement in his right shoulder pain with increased range of motion of the right shoulder. The wound culture sent from the initial aspiration grew oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. An orthopedic surgeon was again consulted, and the radiology department performed a shoulder ultrasound, revealing inflammatory changes but no discrete fluid collection.

Given the patient’s clinical improvement and the absence of fluid on the ultrasound, orthopedic surgery felt that the initial ultrasound-guided aspiration of the deep-space abscess had likely decompressed the abscess sufficiently to allow non-operative treatment. The patient was discharged with instructions to continue the complete course of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. He was later seen in primary care clinic and was reported to have made a full recovery.

DISCUSSION

There is a growing body of evidence to support the use of POC ultrasound to aid in the diagnosis of superficial soft-tissue infections in the ED.^1-5 The role of POC ultrasound to evaluate for abscesses deep to or within the muscle has only been described in case reports, and has not been studied more formally.^6-8 Typically deep musculoskeletal abscesses are more occult in presentation, include a much broader differential diagnosis (including septic joint and pyomyositis), and often require more extensive imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. POC ultrasound may be helpful in identifying the presence of deep musculoskeletal abscesses, as illustrated in this case of a subdeltoid abscess.

Once diagnosed, deep musculoskeletal abscesses are treated more aggressively with an incision and drainage and debridement of the infection in the operating room or percutaneous CT-guided drainage with catheter placement.^9-11 Our patient was managed initially with ultrasound-guided aspiration and antibiotics, and ultimately made a complete recovery. Although there is evidence to support ultrasound-guided needle aspiration of subcutaneous breast and trunk abscesses in the radiology literature, a randomized study in the ED showed significantly worse outcomes with ultrasound-guided aspiration compared to incision and drainage of superficial abscesses.^12-14 Ultrasound-guided aspiration is less invasive than incision and drainage and requires only minimal local anesthetic, but it may not eliminate the full extent of the infection. Further studies are needed to evaluate conservative management of deep musculoskeletal abscesses with ultrasound-guided aspiration and antibiotics, thus potentially reducing the need for general anesthesia and more invasive procedures.

Video. Sagittal ultrasound of the right shoulder performed with a linear probe demonstrates a heterogenous fluid collection deep to the deltoid. Ultrasound-guided aspiration revealed pus.

Footnotes

Supervising Section Editor: Rick McPheeters, DO
Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_westjem
Address for Correspondence: Mikaela Lynn Chilstrom, MD, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, California. Email: mchilstrom@gmail.com.
Submission history: Submitted April 4, 2014; Revision received June 13, 2014; Accepted July 22, 2014
Conflicts of Interest: By the WestJEM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. The authors disclosed none.

REFERENCES

1. Tayal VS, Hasan N, Norton HJ, et al. The effect of soft-tissue ultrasound on the management of cellulitis in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(4):384–388.
2. Squire BT, Fox JC, Anderson C. ABSCESS: applied bedside sonography for convenient evaluation of superficial soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med. 2005l;12(7):601-6.
3. Iverson K, Haritos D, Thomas R, et al. The effect of bedside ultrasound on diagnosis and management of soft tissue infections in a pediatric ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(8):1347-51.
4. Berger T, Garrido F, Green J, et al. Bedside ultrasound performed by novices for the detection of abscess in ED patients with soft tissue infections. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(8):1569-73.
5. Sivitz AB, Lam SH, Ramirez-Schrempp D, et al. Effect of bedside ultrasound on management of pediatric soft-tissue infection. J Emerg Med. 2010;39(5):637-43.
6. Hosek WT, Gullett J. Adult female with shoulder pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55(1):e1-2.
7. Tichter A, Riley DC. Emergency department diagnosis of a quadriceps intramuscular loculated abscess/pyomyositis using dynamic compression bedside ultrasonography. Crit Ultrasound J. 2013;5(1):3.
8. Kumar MP, Seif D, Perera P, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound in diagnosing pyomyositis: A report of three cases. J Emerg Med. 2014.
9. Ward WG, Eckardt JJ. Subacromial/subdeltoid bursa abscesses. An overlooked diagnosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(288):189-94.
10. Brook I. Microbiology and management of soft tissue and muscle infections. Int J Surg. 2008;6(4):328-38.
11. Cronin CG, Gervais DA, Hahn PF, et al. Treatment of deep intramuscular and musculoskeletal abscess: experience with 99 CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage procedures. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(5):1182-8.
12. Kjaer S, Rud B, Bay-Nielsen M. Ultrasound-guided drainage of subcutaneous abscesses on the trunk is feasible. Dan Med J. 2013;60(4):A4601.
13. Christensen AF, Al-Suliman N, Nielsen KR, et al. Ultrasound-guided drainage of breast abscesses: results in 151 patients. Br J Radiol. 2005;78(927):186-8.
14. Gaspari RJ, Resop D, Mendoza M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of incision and drainage versus ultrasonographically guided needle aspiration for skin abscesses and the effect of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57(5):483-91.