| Author | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Tess Wiskel, MD | Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island |
| Jonathan Bass, MD | Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Providence, Rhode Island |
| Jeffrey Feden, MD | Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island |
CASE PRESENTATION
A 37-year-old right-handed male auto mechanic with a 40 pack-year smoking history presented to the emergency department with progressive digital pain, cyanosis and paresthesias to his right hand over the prior month. Physical exam revealed cyanosis of the second through fifth digits with sparing of the thumb, absent digital artery Doppler signals, and a diminished deep palmar arch signal (Image 1).
Conventional angiography of the hand revealed an aneurysmal appearance of the palmar ulnar artery adjacent to the hook of the hamate, and abrupt truncations to the digital arteries consistent with hypothenar hammer syndrome (Image 2a). The patient returned two weeks later for surgical intervention with right ulnar artery reconstruction and ulnar nerve decompression (Image 2b). Following surgery, the cyanosis resolved and there was return of biphasic digital artery signals, normal capillary refill, motion, sensibility, and good wound healing.
DISCUSSION
Hypothenar hammer syndrome is characterized by vascular insufficiency of the digits. It often results from repetitive blunt trauma to the hypothenar eminence causing ulnar artery damage, likely against the hook of the hamate, resulting in arterial thrombosis or aneurysm.1,2 This rare syndrome occurs most commonly in athletes and industrial workers.3 The differential diagnosis includes other causes of digital ischemia, such as Raynaud’s disease, Buerger’s disease, atherosclerotic and embolic disease, vasculitis, and thoracic outlet syndrome.2 The gold standard for diagnosis is arterial imaging, preferably angiography, which demonstrates the classic corkscrew or aneurysmal appearance of the ulnar artery. Additionally, point of care ultrasound has been used to aid in diagnosis of this syndrome.4 Management ranges from conservative medical management to endovascular thrombolysis or surgical grafting, as in this case.2
CPC-EM Capsule
What do we already know about this clinical entity?
Hypothenar hammer syndrome is characterized by vascular insufficiency to the digits from repetitive blunt trauma to the hypothenar eminence, which results in arterial aneurysm or thrombosis.
What is the major impact of the image(s)?
These images illustrate the physical exam findings of digital ischemia, the underlying vascular pathology demonstrated by angiography and the intra-operative gross anatomic dissection.
How might this improve emergency medicine practice?
Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a rare condition not often encountered in emergency medicine practice or literature, and these images intend to increase awareness in clinical practice.
Footnotes
Section Editor: Rick A. McPheeters, DO
Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_cpcem
Address for Correspondence: Tess Wiskel, MD, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, 593 Eddy Street Claverick 100, Providence, RI 02903. Email:Tess_wiskel@brown.edu. 1:262 – 264
Submission history: Revision received December 18, 2016; Submitted February 7, 2017; Accepted February 23, 2017
Conflicts of Interest: By the CPC-EM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. The authors disclosed none.
REFERENCES
1. Carter PM, Hollinshead PA, Desmond JS. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: case report and review. J Emerg Med. 2013;45(1):22-5.
2. Yuen JC, Wright E, Johnson LA, et al. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: an update with algorithms for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Plast Surg. 2011;67(4):429-38.
3. Rabczyński M, Kuźnik E, Guziński M, et al. Critical ischemia of the fingers in an auto mechanic as a result of occupational exposure. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015;28(1):169-73.
4. Ken J, Khangura D, Stickles SP. Point-of-care ultrasound to identify distal ulnar artery thrombosis: case of hypothenar hammer syndrome. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(4):565-7.